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| 0.01 | The research start at: 2026-01-26 16:55:10 (UTC+8) |
| 1.48 | The title is: Borneol as a Potential Antibacterial Agent: Inhibition of Bacterial Growth and Mechanistic Implications |
| 1.85 | The title is: Borneol-Mediated Inhibition of Bacterial Growth: Mechanistic Insights and Antimicrobial Potential |
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Title: Borneol-Mediated Inhibition of Bacterial Growth: Mechanistic Insights and Antimicrobial Potential
Borneol Presence in Plant Essential Oils and Correlated Antibacterial Activity
Borneol is a bicyclic monoterpene present in the essential oils (EOs) of several plant species, where it contributes to antibacterial activity either individually or through synergistic interactions with other terpenoids. Its presence and concentration in plant EOs often correlate with antimicrobial efficacy, though this relationship varies across species and EO compositions.
Borneol Concentration and Antimicrobial Activity in Plant Essential Oils
| Plant Species/EO Sample | Borneol Content | Key Antimicrobial Activity Observations | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thymus satureioides | Exclusive (among evaluated terpenoids of Origanum compactum and T. satureioides) | Enhanced bacterial growth inhibition (with synergistic carvacrol/thymol from O. compactum) vs. T. vulgaris EOs (linalool, lower activity) | [1] |
| Lavender (LA 2019) | 15.7% | Lower bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli DH5α and smaller inhibition halos vs. LA 2020 | [2] |
| Lavender (LA 2020) | 19.4% | Greater bactericidal activity against E. coli DH5α and larger inhibition halos vs. LA 2019 | [2] |
| Rosemary | 2.5–8.9% (across samples) | Low levels may limit contribution to antibacterial activity | [3][4] |
| EO 3 | 5.80% (+)-borneol | Moderate inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli (diameters: 13, 10, 8.7 mm) | [5] |
| Satureja cuneifolia | 12.9–24% (across samples) | Candida glabrata growth inhibition proportional to borneol content | [6] |
| Myrtus communis | 27.15% | Important antibacterial activity; MIC = 0.5% (v/v) against Salmonella typhimurium (with 1,8-cineole/α-pinene) | [7] |
| Unspecified plant EO | 3.1% (with carvacrol 43.9%, thymol 7.6%) | Specific activity linked to borneol requires further investigation | [8] |
| Flower EO (bornyl acetate derivative) | 38.3% bornyl acetate (borneol derivative) | Potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria: 20 mm (S. aureus) /18 mm (B. cereus) inhibition zones; MICs = 7.5/15 µg/mL; MBCs = 15 µg/mL (both) | [9] |
| Pure borneol | N/A | Strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis); MIC requires further quantification | [3] |
| Pure borneol (with α-terpineol/terpinen-4-ol) | N/A | Strong activity against all tested bacteria (MICs: 0.05~3.2 mg/ml; MBCs: 1~3.2 mg/ml) | [10] |
Beyond direct concentration-dependent effects, borneol’s derivatives also contribute to antimicrobial activity: EOs with bornyl acetate (a borneol derivative) as a major constituent have shown potent Gram-positive antibacterial activity. While some EOs containing borneol require further investigation to isolate its specific role (e.g., the 3.1% borneol composition with carvacrol and thymol), pure borneol and its combinations with other terpenoids consistently exhibit strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with MIC and MBC values varying by context and co-occurring compounds.
Mechanistic Basis of Borneol-Mediated Bacterial Growth Inhibition
Borneol exhibits potent antibacterial activity against clinically relevant bacterial strains, with demonstrated efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that contributes to its antimicrobial potential [11]. Key findings on its antibacterial properties include: low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against specific pathogens, greater efficacy than the antibiotic gentamicin against several Gram-negative strains, and classification as a bactericidal agent based on minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) to MIC ratio criteria [12]. While glucoside derivatives of terpene alcohols (including borneol’s glucoside) have been evaluated for antibacterial properties, borneol itself shows direct antibacterial activity [11].
Borneol’s Antibacterial Activity Metrics and Comparisons
| Parameter | Details | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0.47 mg/L | [12] |
| Comparative efficacy vs. gentamicin | Greater efficacy against Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacter cloacae | [12] |
| Bactericidal/bacteriostatic classification | Bactericidal against all tested microorganisms (MBC/MIC ratio ≤ 4) | [12] |
| Direct activity spectrum | Active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | [11] |
Borneol Release Kinetics and Antifouling Performance of IBOMA-Containing Polymers
IBOMA-containing polymers enable the fabrication of biocompatible antibacterial coating interfaces by releasing borneol via hydrolysis, capitalizing on borneol’s potent inhibitory effect on bacterial attachment and growth [13]. The release kinetics of borneol are directly correlated with the IBOMA content in the polymer system, which in turn modulates the coatings’ antifouling performance [13]. Specifically, higher IBOMA content accelerates borneol release, enhancing antifouling performance, while reduced IBOMA content (e.g., from 50% to 16.7% at constant TIPSA content) decreases borneol release, leading to a slight decline in antifouling efficacy [13]. The antifouling mechanism of these coatings depends on two core factors: self-renewal via ester bond hydrolysis, and the synergistic interaction between antimicrobial borneol released from the coating and the desorption of camphor, a natural antifoulant [13].
Borneol Extraction Parameters and Chemical Modification Effects on Antibacterial Activity
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